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Orphism (more rarely Orphicism; Ancient Greek: Ὀρφικά) is the name given to a set of religious beliefs and practices〔''Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture'' by Marilyn B. Skinner, 2005, page 135, "... of life, there was no coherent religious movement properly termed "Orphism" (Dodds 1957: 147-9; West 1983: 2-3). Even if there were, ..."〕 originating in the Ancient Greek and the Hellenistic world,〔''Three Faces of God'' by David L. Miller, 2005, Back Matter: "... assumed that this was a Christian trinitarian influence on late Hellenistic Orphism, but it may be that the Old Neoplatonists were closer ..."〕 as well as by the Thracians,〔(History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C.E. to the seventh century C.E. Routledge reference, Siegfried J. de Laet, UNESCO, 1996,ISBN 92-3-102812-X, pp. 182–183. )〕 associated with literature ascribed to the mythical poet Orpheus, who descended into Hades and returned. Orphics also revered Persephone (who annually descended into Hades for a season and then returned) and Dionysus or Bacchus (who also descended into Hades and returned). Orpheus was said to have invented the Mysteries of Dionysus.〔Apollodorus (Pseudo Apollodorus), (''Library and Epitome'', 1.3.2 ). "Orpheus also invented the mysteries of Dionysus, and having been torn in pieces by the Maenads he is buried in Pieria."〕 Poetry containing distinctly Orphic beliefs has been traced back to the 6th century BC〔Backgrounds of Early Christianity by Everett Ferguson, 2003, page 162, "Orphism began in the sixth century BCE"〕 or at least 5th century BC, and graffiti of the 5th century BC apparently refers to "Orphics".〔W. K. C. Guthrie, ''The Greeks & Their Gods'' (Beacon, 1954), p. 322; Kirk, Raven, & Schofield, ''The Presocratic Philosophers'' (Cambridge, 1983, 2nd edition), pp. 21, 30–31, 33; Parker, "Early Orphism", pp. 485, 497〕 Classical sources, such as Plato, refer to "Orpheus-initiators" (Ὀρφεοτελεσταί), and associated rites, although how far "Orphic" literature in general related to these rites is not certain.〔Parker, "Early Orphism", pp. 484, 487.〕 As in the Eleusinian mysteries, initiation into Orphic mysteries promised advantages in the afterlife. == Peculiarities == The main elements of Orphism differed from popular ancient Greek religion in the following ways: * by characterizing human souls as divine and immortal but doomed to live (for a period) in a "grievous circle" of successive bodily lives through metempsychosis or the transmigration of souls. * by prescribing an ascetic way of life which, together with secret initiation rites, was supposed to guarantee not only eventual release from the "grievous circle" but also communion with god(s). * by being founded upon sacred writings about the origin of gods and human beings. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Orphism (religion)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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